Unit+1+Terms

=Unit 1: The Foundations of American Government=

Terms List
Power : "possession of control, authority, or influence over others" []

Political elites - a relatively small dominant group within a large society, having a privileged status perceived as being envied by others of a lower line of order; persons with disproportionate share of political power

Theories on the distribution of political power among political elites:
Bureaucratic view - the theory that non elected government officials in many bureaus influence the government

Class view - the oppinions and political views of a class in society.

Power elite view

Pluralist view- the theory that political resources are divided between many elite groups so that everyone is able to influence policy without one group having an unfair amount of impact

 **Authority:** The right to use power from the legitimacy the Constitution.

Legitimacy:: Acceptance of a governing law or regime as an authority
Sovereignty

Divine Right

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Amendment: A [|change] or [|addition] to a [|legal] [|document] which, when properly signed, has the same legal [|power] as the [|original document]. In the constitution of the United States there are 27. Full List of Amendments: []

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Antifederalists: The antifederalists were the group of people opposed to the ratification of the constitution. One of their biggest complaints about the constitution was that it didn't have a Bill of Rights. They also feared that the Presidency would evolve into a monarchy. For these and many other reasons the Antifederalsits opposed ratification. Patrick Henry was the leader of the antifederalist movement.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Articles of Confederation: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">The Articles of Confederation, taking effect in 1781, was the first set of rules for the new independent colonies. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;">With the federal government lacking the authority to regulate trade and levy taxes, the states were on the cusp of an economic crisis. Also, under the Articles of Confederation the government was not powerful enough to go to war when deemed necessary because states could not be forced to send troops, arms, and equipment. Another significant problem of the Articles of Confederation was that the government had a really difficult time trying to pass imperative laws because they needed the approval of 9 of the 13 states. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Bicameral

Bill of Rights:

<span style="color: #0a8080; display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments to the constitution. It was written by __James Madison__ in 1789 and went into effect after being ratified by __three fourths of the states in 1791__. The Bill of Rights was added to the constitution to appease the fears of the anti federalists (New York City) who would not ratify the constitution without a **guarantee that their basic freedoms could not be violated**.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Checks and Balances: A system of distribution of power among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, in relatively equal proportions, such that each branch has the ability to counter the actions of the other two and thus prevent the entire government from being controlled by any single branch.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #37137c; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Confederation: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A governmental system where states are dominant over the national government, although confederations can have rights specifically given to the national government as well. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Constitution ** of the United States of America was adopted on September 17, 1787. It is the supreme law of our country and was established to protect Liberty. The philosophies of John Locke and Montesquieu, Magna Carta, and Greek and Roman governments influenced the Founders of this document.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Declaration of Independence- The United States Declaration of Independence was created in 1776 to declare that the original thirteen colonies were no longer under control of the British Empire. Written by Thomas Jefferson, it was given to Congress on July 2nd to be examined and after the voting it was ratified on July 4th.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Democracy- (noun) <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving periodically held free elections.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Direct democracy- A government in which all or most citizens participate directly <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">http://www.co-intelligence.org/CIPol_directdemocracy.html

<span style="background-color: #00ffff; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Factions <span style="color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif;">﻿: people united by common goals/interests, usually politically, ie. special interest groups, political parties. Factions originated with the formation of the Constitution, and the resulting Federalist and Antifederalist factions. []

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Federalism - government authority shared by both national and state government <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[]

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Federalist// papers - created in //The Independent Journal// and the //New York Packet// between October 1787 and August 1788 the Federalist papers are a series of 85 articles justifying the ratification of the United States Constitution. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-image: none; color: #0645ad; font-family: sans-serif,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;">

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Federalists <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">a political group who supports a strong central government with several smaller, self-governing units.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Great (Connecticut) Compromise

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Judicial review- <span style="color: #008080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the power of courts to review actions made by the legislative and judicial branches of government and to declare them unconstitutional This video was made by an AP Gov class in 1990. Their hair is the best part...

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">**Natural rights:** The rights that every human is born with including: Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. These rights are so essential to human nature that they cannot be taken away.

New Jersey Plan :: Unicameral and gave states even representation. similarly resembles and influenced the Senate in today's society.
<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ratification

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Republic (Representative democracy)

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Separation of powers A model for governance of both democratic and federative states. By separating the powers of the United States Government into three branches (legislative, judicial, executive), it keeps one section of government from becoming too strong and overpowering the others.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Shays’ Rebellion: Shays' rebellion occurred in Massachusetts when a group of revolutionary war veterans took up arms to stop the foreclosure of their farms. They felt wronged because of heavy taxes and debts levied on them. The Shayists employed revolutionary war tactics like liberty poles. When the federal government didn't have enough money to raise a militia to defeat the Shayists, a private army was financed and defeated the Shayists at Springfield armory. Shays' rebellion was a catalyst for the re-evaluation of the Articles of Confederation. It showed how the weak government under the Articles was unable to control the country.media type="youtube" key="3ImIEcsTEVo?fs=1" height="385" width="480" <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Virginia Plan:
 * written by James Madison
 * bicameral
 * legislature composed of 2 houses
 * "Large-State Plan"
 * apportionment by population
 * Large States would have more representatives than smaller states
 * small states opposed because they feared losing governmental power

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Unalienable

<span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Unicameral

<span style="color: #800000; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Unicameral describes a single chamber legislature, often used in countries that are more centralized or homogenized. Unicameral structures are used in Costa Rica, New Zealand, Portugal, Hungary, and Iceland.

advantages: - legislation can be agreed upon and enacted quickly, because it does not have to be discussed by two different chambers - citizens can hold politicians accontable for mishaps because only one body is responsible - it is less expensive



<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Block grants: In a federal system of government, a block grant is a large sum of money granted by the national government to a regional government with only general provisions as to the way it is to be spent.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">The Brady Law: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> In 1994, the Brady Law ordered background checks before people were allowed to buy firearms, and it must be funded by the states until federal government could help. This provision of the act expired in 1898 when the online NICS took over the job with the increase in technology. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Categorical grants ** are for a specific purpose defined by federal law. For example, to build an airport or park. The problem was that these purposes were often too narrow and did not coincide with local needs.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Conditions of aid- Rules made by the federal government that states have to follow in order to receive certian grants.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cooperative (marble cake) federalism: <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A governmental structure in which the power is not solely on a state or federal level. Instead, both the federal government and states work together to proceed with governmental functions. Cooperative federalism is found in the United States, and is also called Marble cake federalism, because the powers and functions of the federal and state governments are "mixed and mingled". <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[] <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">P.S. this was the only video i could find. personally i thought that it was really creepy and that this dude needs to find better things to do with his time. but you might find it helpful.

Creative federalism- A type of federalism that was popular during the Johnson administration from 1963 to 1969, emphasizing the fact that the federal government determined the needs of the states. During this time, the government worked with the states to provide social services.

<span style="background-color: #00ffff; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Devolution: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">﻿ when a central government transfers power to a subordinate, local government; mostly economically related, although legislature involving health care, job training and welfare can also be devolved Division of powers - the seperation of the three branches of government

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Dual (layer cake) federalism - the state and the national government are supreme in their own sphere <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> 1.<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">

Dual sovereignty - the concept of both the state and federal governments are sovereign. the states are soverign over domestic issues while the federal government is sovereign over broader issues such as foreign affairs.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Extradition

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Federalism

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Federal system- <span style="color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the system of government where power is divided between the national government and the state and local governments, each with separate powers but some that overlap

<span style="font: 13px/19px Arial; margin: 0px;">**Fiscal federalism:** A system that of transfer payments or "grants" where the federal government shares money and finances with the state and lower levels of government.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fiscal federalism:: the study of how money is spread across different segments of the government.
<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">“Full faith and credit”

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Grants in aid

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Initiative

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Mandates: A mandate is the authority granted by a constituency to act as its representative. In order to have a mandate to govern the representative must have a majority of the constituents’ vote for that representative. If the representative receives a very large majority of the vote then that representative is said to have a mandate to implement certain policies.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Funded mandate: <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">When a higher level of the U.S. government (i.e. the federal government) tells lower branches of the government (i.e. state governments) to do something, that's a mandate. If the federal government give the states money to help them do whatever they want them to do, that's a funded mandate.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Unfunded mandate

New federalism

<span style="color: #1f7a4f; display: block; font-family: Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">New Federalism is a political philosophy endorsed by those who want certain powers and controls to be transfered from the federal government to the state governments. New Federalists believe that state autonomy should be restored. The commerce clause is a top issue for New Federalists who believe that congress should not be able to determine how states act.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">No Child Left Behind Act: federal law passed under the George W. Bush administration in 2001. NCLB represents legislation that attempts to accomplish standards-based education reform. The law and its subsequent implementation have grown to be a very controversial issue in Education. The law reauthorized federal programs meant to hold primary and secondary schools measurably accountable to higher standards. It also provided more opportunities to parents for school choice and placed a greater emphasis on reading in schools. NCLB is written so that it requires 100% of students (including special education students and those from disadvantaged background) within a school to reach the same set of state standards in math and reading by the year 2014.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000080; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Nullification: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">First thought up by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson during the founding of the constitution, said that states had the right to declare federal law null or void. Then, John C. Calhoun in 1832 brought it up again when he passed an act called the Nullification Act denying the right of Congress to pass laws forcing South Carolina to obey a Tariff Act. Led to the Civil War eventually.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Privileges and immunities clause **can be found in Amendment XIV Section 1 of the Constitution. It states that,"No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States."

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Referendum- Submission of an issue that is important to the public that is voted directly by a body of all qualified voters. "Supremacy" clause: A clause in the United States Constitution, Article VI, Section 1, Clause 2. This clause asserts and establishes the Constitution, the federal laws made in pursuance of the Constitution, and treaties made by the United States with foreign nations as "the Supreme Law of the Land"

hahahahaha this is really funny

[] the dude on the left is such an idot

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Unitary system- form of government in which authority is concentrated in the central government. Local governments are under the control of the central government, who can abolish or grant them powers. Contrasts the government of a federal state (federation's constituent units have some attributes of a sovereign that cannot be abolished by the government). <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 19px;">Divide territory into 'states' and 'provinces'
 * States are not permitted to secede from the central government or union government.
 * State cannot pass any legislation that is contradictory to public policy or the laws of the union or central government.
 * In a debate about a particular policy of state, being eclipsed by the central government, the judicial system's intervention shall prove to be final.
 * Legislative assembly of state cannot do honor to the doctrine set by the union or central government.
 * Laws made by legislative assembly of the state are restricted to the jurisdiction of the state.
 * Laws made by legislation by the central government are applicable to all states.

Advantages: Policies are efficiently implemented by the state governments <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Respect for common law <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Disadvantages: Policies that are created by the central government are slow and time consuming <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Passing new laws requires a deep study-- new laws cannot be contradictory to the current government <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Regionalism: friction between two or more states <span style="background-color: #00ffff; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif;">Gibbons v. Ogden: <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif;">﻿ [1824] A steamboat monopoly (within which Ogden had interest) was given permission by the state of New York to have control over all steamship travel within the state (mainly in the Hudson Bay). However, another steamboat operator (Gibbons) was granted a license authorizing him to operate in the waters of NY as well. Ogden sued Gibbons, and the former appealed his case bringing it to the Supreme Court. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the New York licenses were null and void, and, ultimately, the federal government dictates interstate commerce. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif;">[] <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//U.S. v. Lopez-// In 1990 a law was passed that you can not bring guns/weapons to school (Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990). In1995, Alfonso Lopez, Jr. (D), a 12th-grade student, carried a concealed and loaded handgun into his high school and was arrested and charged under Texas law with firearm possession on school premises. The next day, the state charges were dismissed after federal agents charged Lopez with violating the Act.The <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">District Court denied Lopez’s motion to dismiss the indictment, concluding that the GFSZA was a constitutional exercise of Congress’ power pursuant to the Commerce Clause of Article I. The Fifth Circuit reversed, holding that the Act exceeded Congress’ power under the Commerce Clause and was therefore unconstitutional. The Supreme Court granted cert. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//McCulloch v. Maryland -// in 1819 Maryland attempted to impede the actions of the national bank by taxing all notes of banks not stationed at Maryland. Under John Marshall the court used the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution which allows the Federal government to pass laws not provided in the Constitution. The Court ruled against Maryland, saying that taxing the national bank was unconstitutional. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Fletcher v. Peck// <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//-// <span style="color: #ff00ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">one of the first cases in which the Supreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional. Peck sold land to Fletcher, after which he filed a lawsuit against Peck for selling him land that he did not have the full title to. Peck sold the land to Fletcher under the Yazoo Land Act of 1795, which the state later repealed. The Supreme Court ruled that this was unconstitutional, hinting that Native Americans didn't hold title to their own lands.

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">//Barron v. Baltimore// <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Moderate: A person who is not extremem, radical, or partisan. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Public Opinion:** <span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">Public consensus, as with respect to an issue or situation. <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px;">media type="youtube" key="DvodhsMc2QM" width="425" height="350" <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> media type="youtube" key="w_wTLzJKt1I" width="425" height="350"
 * Registered voter**: A citizen who has checked in with a central registry to be allowed to vote in elections